fjt_699448 - CORPORATIONS Traiteurs 1719
关于品相的说明
poinçon au droit à 5 heures, visible également au revers
出版目录中的项代码 :
正面
正面的文字 LUD. XV. REX CHRISTIANISS.
正面的说明书 Buste à droite de Louis XV signé DUVIV. [n° 308a].
正面的翻译 Louis XV, roi très chrétien.
背面
背面的文字 MATER. CHRISTI ; À L'EXERGUE : COMMUNAUTE. DES. ME. TRAITEURS. 1719 (9 À L'ENVERS).
背面的说明书 La Vierge debout de face, tenant dans ses bras l'enfant Jésus.
背面的翻译 La mère du Christ.
评论
Sous l'Ancien régime, le traiteur exerce une profession plus respectable que celle de tavernier, qui ne vendait que du vin, de celle du rôtisseur ou celle de cabaretier qui servait vin et repas complets, ce dernier parvenant toutefois à attirer toutes les couches de société. Les marchands de vin traiteurs, spécialisés à l'origine dans les noces et les banquets, supplantent au XVIIIe siècle tavernier, rôtisseur et cabaretier lorsqu'ils se mettent aussi à préparer les repas pour des clients fidèles ou de passage, avant d'être à leur tour supplantés par les restaurateurs à la fin du XVIIIe. Voir la fiche http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traiteur.
Under the Ancien Régime, the caterer exercised a more respectable profession than that of the tavern keeper, who only sold wine, that of the roaster or that of the cabaret keeper who served wine and complete meals, the latter nevertheless managing to attract all levels of society. Wine merchant caterers, originally specialized in weddings and banquets, supplanted the tavern keeper, roaster and cabaret keeper in the 18th century when they also began to prepare meals for loyal or passing customers, before being in turn supplanted by restaurateurs at the end of the 18th century. See the file http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traiteur
Under the Ancien Régime, the caterer exercised a more respectable profession than that of the tavern keeper, who only sold wine, that of the roaster or that of the cabaret keeper who served wine and complete meals, the latter nevertheless managing to attract all levels of society. Wine merchant caterers, originally specialized in weddings and banquets, supplanted the tavern keeper, roaster and cabaret keeper in the 18th century when they also began to prepare meals for loyal or passing customers, before being in turn supplanted by restaurateurs at the end of the 18th century. See the file http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traiteur
历史细节
CORPORATIONS
In Rome, groups of artisans already existed: forming a college placed under the protection of a divinity, with a common house and fund. In medieval Europe, probably from religious brotherhoods, economic groups were formed between merchants called hanse or ghilde.. With the development of trade, craftsmen organized themselves into trade bodies or communities which brought together all those who practiced the same profession: masters, journeymen or apprentices.. To enter the body, you had to "swear" the profession. Alongside, there were free professions that could be practiced by all.. Each corps was headed by a collegial management responsible for enforcing the regulations of the trade, protecting the trade from competition and directing the mutual benefit society.. At the end of the 17th century, the king began to sell the functions of jurors and corporate trustees as hereditary offices, which led to serious financial difficulties at a time when the corporations no longer met the new economic requirements of the development of industry and business concentration. It is also in England that the corporations disappeared spontaneously because of the industrial revolution.. The corporations will be abolished in France in 1791 by the Constituent Assembly.
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